Earth system modeling is a scientific discipline that involves constructing mathematical models of the Earth's various interconnected systems, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and biosphere, in order to simulate and understand their complex interactions and how they respond to different environmental conditions and human activities. These models typically incorporate data collected from a variety of sources, such as satellite observations, ground-based measurements, and historical records, and use principles of physics, chemistry, and biology to simulate the Earth's climate, biogeochemical cycles, and other important processes. Earth system models are used by researchers to study a wide range of topics, including climate change, ecosystem dynamics, and the impact of human activities on the environment.